Quick facts
- Water per person
- 1 gallon per day; three days minimum, two weeks the target
- Hypochlorite shelf life
- up to 10 years
- Hidden water sources
- water heater tank, toilet tank (not the bowl)
- Smell test
- slight chlorine odor; no smell may need another dose
- Private wells
- not regulated by the EPA; test and treat it yourself
- Most accurate test
- mail-in samples to a professional laboratory
When it comes to preparing for the unexpected, one truth is universal: water is life. Whether you're facing a natural disaster, planning an off-grid adventure, or simply ensuring your family's safety in uncertain times, the ability to access and purify water is paramount.
In this blog post, I cover the world of water purification, exploring a spectrum of methods and tools that span from ancient techniques to cutting-edge technology. I'll guide you through primitive water purification practices that utilize nature's resources, discuss the convenience and efficiency of modern portable devices designed for individual use, and more.
How Water Can Become Unsafe: Understanding Contamination Risks
Understanding these diverse methods is crucial, as each one offers unique benefits tailored to different scenarios. Whether you're boiling water over a campfire, using UV light to sterilize your drinking supply, or setting up a whole-house filtration system, the goal remains the same: ensuring that every sip of water is as safe and clean as possible. So, here are the life-saving details of water purification, equipping you with the knowledge to stay hydrated and healthy, no matter what challenges you may face.
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Purification of Water Without a Filter Using Calcium Hypochlorite
View the full blog post on this method: How-To Purify Water Without a Filter
- Objective: The process focuses on disinfecting and purifying water without reliance on conventional filtration systems, utilizing calcium hypochlorite as a primary agent due to its long shelf life and effectiveness in neutralizing pathogens.
- Chemical Basis: Calcium hypochlorite, a compound with potent oxidizing properties, serves as the active ingredient. When dissolved in water, it yields a disinfectant that kills bacteria, viruses, and Giardia. It does not kill Cryptosporidium, a chlorine-resistant parasite, so filter or boil when that is a risk.
- Preparation of Disinfectant Solution:
- Materials Required: Calcium hypochlorite and clean, sediment-free water.
- Make a stock solution from the granules, then dose the drinking water from that stock and wait 30 minutes. Exact amounts are in Purify water with calcium hypochlorite, which follows the book., which follows the book.
- Application for Water Purification:
- For amounts, see Purify water with calcium hypochlorite, which follows the book.
- For amounts, see Purify water with calcium hypochlorite, which follows the book.
- Post-Treatment Adjustments:
- Smell Test: Confirm effective disinfection by the presence of a slight chlorine odor. Absence of the smell may necessitate an additional dose.
- For amounts, see Purify water with calcium hypochlorite, which follows the book.
- Advantages Over Traditional Bleach: This method underscores the preference for calcium hypochlorite over sodium hypochlorite (liquid bleach) due to the former's extended shelf life (up to 10 years), making it more suitable for long-term storage and emergency preparedness.
I have a deep well, should I care about water purification?
Having a deep well can provide you with a more protected water source compared to surface water, as the depth often shields the water from many contaminants. However, it is not completely immune to pollution. Here are some reasons why you might still consider water purification for a deep well:
Are there tools to test my water?
Yes, there are several tools and kits available for testing your water, especially if you're relying on a private well or another source that is not regulated by municipal authorities. Here's a rundown of some common water testing options:
Basic Water Test Kits
These kits are readily available at hardware stores or online and can test for a variety of common contaminants, such as:
- pH levels
- Hardness
- Nitrates and nitrites
- Chlorine levels
- Bacteria presence
- Lead
- Pesticides
They usually come with strips that change color according to the presence and concentration of specific contaminants. You compare the strip to a color chart provided with the kit to determine the levels of different substances.
Digital Water Testers
These are electronic devices that can provide a more precise measurement of certain water quality indicators like pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), and sometimes even specific chemicals. They are typically more expensive than basic test kits but offer more accurate readings.Mail-In Testing Services
For a comprehensive analysis, you can collect samples of your water and send them to a professional laboratory. They can test for a wide range of potential contaminants, including bacteria, heavy metals, organic compounds, and others that may require more sophisticated detection methods. This is often considered the most accurate way to test water quality.Water Testing Meters
These meters are more advanced and can provide instant readings for specific contaminants. Some are designed for home use and can measure things like TDS, pH, and conductivity. Others are more specialized and may be used by professionals to detect specific chemicals.County Extension Offices or Local Health Departments
Sometimes, these local resources offer water testing services or test kits for residents. They can also provide advice on what particular contaminants you should test for based on local water quality issues.Test Strips for Specific Contaminants
If you're concerned about a specific contaminant, such as lead or pesticides, you can purchase test strips designed to detect only that particular substance.Radon Test Kits
Since radon is a radioactive gas that can contaminate water and is a risk factor for lung cancer, specific radon test kits are available for testing your water if you live in an area where radon is a known problem.Bacteria Test Kits
These kits allow you to test for coliform bacteria, which are a common indicator of sanitary quality in drinking water.I'm on city water and it got cut off, what now?
If your city water supply is interrupted, it can be due to various reasons such as maintenance work, infrastructure failure, natural disasters, or other emergencies. Here are steps you can take to ensure you have access to water:
Immediate Actions:
Longer-Term Solutions:
Primitive Water Purification Techniques for Survival Situations
In the face of an emergency or in a survival scenario, one of the most critical skills you can possess is the ability to purify water. Without access to modern infrastructure, knowing how to clean and purify water using primitive methods can mean the difference between life and death. Here are some time-tested, primitive water purification techniques that anyone can use in the wild or during a disaster.
Boiling: The Gold Standard of Water Purification
Boiling is the simplest and most effective method to purify water. When you boil water, you kill nearly all harmful pathogens present, including bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. The process is straightforward: bring the water to a rolling boil for at least one minute. If you're at altitudes above 5,000 feet, extend the boiling time to three minutes due to the lower boiling point of water at higher elevations.Solar Water Disinfection (SODIS): Harnessing the Power of the Sun
SODIS is a method that uses solar energy to disinfect water. Fill clean, clear plastic bottles with clear water, lay them on their sides, and leave them in full sun for at least six hours, or two full days if it is cloudy. Cloudy water has to be settled or filtered first or the sunlight cannot do its job. The ultraviolet radiation, along with the thermal treatment from the sun's heat, works to eliminate pathogens. This method is ideal in sunny climates and requires minimal resources.Sedimentation: The Art of Patience
Sometimes the simplest way to start purifying water is by letting nature take its course. Sedimentation involves letting heavy particles in the water settle to the bottom naturally. After some time, you can gently collect the clearer water from the top. This method is often used as a preliminary step before further purification.Sand and Charcoal Filtration: A DIY Filtering Solution
Creating a makeshift filter using layers of sand and charcoal can significantly improve water quality. The sand acts as a physical filter, trapping particulates, while the charcoal soaks up odor, taste, and some chemicals. Germs pass right through, so disinfect what comes out. This method won't make water completely safe for drinking on its own but can be used before boiling or chemical treatments.Cloth Filtration: A Quick Pre-Filter Option
In situations where you need to remove large sediments quickly, a piece of cloth can serve as an effective pre-filter. Pouring water through a clean cloth can help eliminate larger particles and some pathogens. It's a quick step to prepare water for finer purification methods.Natural Plant Filtration: Living Filters
Certain aquatic plants, such as cattails and reeds, are natural water purifiers. These plants absorb contaminants from the water, acting as living filters. That cleanup happens slowly in wetlands, over days. Running water through a patch of cattails does not make it safe, so still filter and then boil or disinfect anything collected this way.Essential Tools for Water Purification in the Wild
When venturing out or preparing for emergency situations, having the right tools to purify water is as important as securing the water itself. Modern tools and equipment designed for water purification are compact, efficient, and easy to use. Here’s a rundown of some basic, yet indispensable tools and equipment that should be part of any survival kit.
Portable Water Filters: Your On-the-Go Purification Companion
Portable water filters are a must-have for any outdoor adventurer or survivalist. These come in various forms, such as handheld pump filters, soft bottle flasks, and straw-style filters. They are designed to remove harmful organisms like bacteria, protozoa, and sometimes even viruses. Lightweight and easy to pack, these filters are ideal for individual use and can provide immediate access to clean water from streams, lakes, or any freshwater source.
Chemical Disinfectants: The Quick Fix to Waterborne Pathogens
When you need a quick and effective method to make water safe to drink, chemical disinfectants are the answer. Iodine or chlorine tablets and drops kill bacteria and viruses, but neither kills Cryptosporidium. Chlorine dioxide tablets do. Iodine is a short-term tool only: not for pregnancy, thyroid problems, or more than a few weeks of steady use. They are small, easy to carry, and can treat large volumes of water. However, they do have a waiting period for effective disinfection and may leave a slight taste in the water, which can be a trade-off for ensuring water safety.
UV Light Pens: The High-Tech Purifier
UV light pens are a marvel of modern technology in the realm of water purification. These portable devices emit ultraviolet light that destroys the DNA of bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, rendering them harmless. They add no chemicals and work quickly, but only in clear water. Particles in cloudy water shield germs from the light, so pre-filter first. However, they do require battery power, so it’s important to keep spare batteries on hand or opt for models that can be charged via USB.
Survival Straws: Personal Filtration for Immediate Use
Survival straws have gained popularity for their simplicity and effectiveness. These straws have built-in filters that remove bacteria and protozoa as you drink directly from a water source. Most do not remove viruses or dissolved chemicals, so pair them with a disinfectant when human sewage is a concern. They are incredibly lightweight and are an excellent addition to any personal emergency kit. While they are great for individual use, they are not the best option for purifying water for cooking or for multiple people.
Ceramic Filters: The Robust and Reusable Option
Ceramic filters, which are often used with a hand pump, provide a reliable way to purify water. The small pores in the ceramic material can filter out bacteria and protozoa. Some ceramic filters are also treated with silver, which acts as a bacteriostatic agent to prevent the growth of mold and algae within the filter. They are durable and can be cleaned and reused multiple times, making them a sustainable choice for regular outdoor activities.
Useful Water Purification Systems for Your Home
Clean water is a cornerstone of healthy living, and for those looking to ensure the highest quality water in their homes, industrial and high-end water purification systems offer unparalleled performance.
Countertop Gravity-Fed Water Filter Systems: The Convenient Purifier
For those seeking a high-end water purification solution without the need for installation, a Stainless Steel Countertop Gravity-Fed Water Filter System is an excellent choice.
Unlike whole-house systems that require professional installation, this countertop unit can be set up easily by anyone. It simply needs to be placed on a counter, and it's ready to purify water. Its gravity-fed design means there's no need for electricity or plumbing: you pour water into the upper chamber and let gravity do the rest.
Powerful Filtration with Ceramic Filters: This system typically comes with high-grade ceramic filters capable of removing a wide array of contaminants, including bacteria, parasites, and microplastics, as well as improving the taste and odor of your water. The microscopic pores of the ceramic filters are effective at trapping pathogens, while the natural properties of ceramic can help reduce scale and other mineral deposits.
Whole House Water Filtration Systems: Comprehensive Water Quality Management
Whole house water filtration systems are the ultimate solution for those seeking to improve the water quality in every faucet and shower in their home. Installed at the point of entry where water enters your residence, these systems ensure that every drop of water is treated before it circulates through your pipes. They can be customized with various filters to target specific contaminants such as sediment, chlorine, heavy metals, and organic compounds, providing peace of mind and protection for your family's health.Ultraviolet (UV) Water Purification Systems: The Invisible Protector
Ultraviolet (UV) water purification systems bring the power of industrial-scale water treatment into your home. These systems use UV light to effectively inactivate a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, without the use of chemicals. The process is simple yet powerful; as water passes through the system, it is exposed to UV light which disrupts the DNA of microorganisms, rendering them harmless. It's a clean, environmentally friendly way to ensure your water is safe to drink.Ozone Water Purification: The Eco-Friendly Disinfectant
Ozone water purification is another high-end option that uses ozone gas, a strong oxidant, to disinfect water. Ozone is particularly effective against a broad spectrum of microorganisms and can also reduce the concentration of iron, sulfur, manganese, and other substances. The process also breaks down previously added chlorine, resulting in water that tastes and smells better. Ozone purification systems are known for their efficiency and minimal maintenance, making them a favorite for those who want a set-it-and-forget-it system.Building Your Emergency Water Purification Kit: Top Tools for Preparedness
When disaster strikes, one of the first resources to become scarce is clean drinking water. Whether you're dealing with the aftermath of a natural disaster or planning for unforeseen emergencies, having a reliable water purification kit is essential. Here's a guide to some of the top tools that should be included in your emergency preparedness kit to ensure access to safe water in any situation.
Lifestraw Family: The Group Lifesaver
The Lifestraw Family is an indispensable tool for providing clean drinking water to a group or family. It's a larger version of the popular personal straw filter, designed to filter out viruses, bacteria, and parasites, providing up to 4,755 gallons (18,000 liters) of clean water. It's ideal for family emergency kits, as it's easy to use and requires no electricity or batteries, making it perfect for situations where you might be off the grid for an extended period.
The Survivor Filter PRO: Essential Gear for Clean Water in Emergencies
This pump filter runs water through three stages: a 0.1 micron pre-filter, an activated carbon filter, and a 0.01 micron ultrafilter. The maker lists 99.999% removal of tested bacteria, protozoa, and virus, plus lead and mercury reduction. Despite its compact and lightweight design, the Survivor Filter PRO is a powerhouse, capable of purifying up to 17 ounces (500 ml) of water per minute, making it an efficient solution for quickly providing clean water to individuals or groups.
The filters are replaceable. The two ultrafilters are rated to 100,000 liters (about 26,000 gallons), but the carbon filter is rated for only 2,000 liters (about 528 gallons), so stock spare carbon cartridges. The simplicity of its operation, assemble, pump, and drink, combined with straightforward maintenance, means that clean water is always within reach without the need for complex procedures.
Katadyn Pocket Water Microfilter: The Durable Dynamo
For those who need a rugged, long-lasting solution, the Katadyn Pocket Water Microfilter is the gold standard. Its durable construction is designed to withstand harsh conditions while providing up to 13,000 gallons (50,000 liters) of clean water. Its silver-impregnated ceramic element is effective against bacteria and protozoa, making it a reliable choice for your emergency kit.
Survival Water Cube: The Convenient Carrier
Collapsible water cubes and bags are a practical way to collect, carry, and treat water. These specialized bags are designed to be filled with water, which can then be treated with purification tablets or drops. They are lightweight, compact when empty, and often come with built-in handles for easy transport. These containers can be a lifesaver when you need to move out quickly and carry your water supply with you.
Questions this answers
Tap a question for the short answer.
How do I purify water without a filter?
Disinfect it with calcium hypochlorite, a strong oxidizer that kills bacteria, viruses, and Giardia. It does not kill Cryptosporidium, so boil when that is a risk. Dissolve it in clean, sediment-free water to make a disinfectant solution, treat your water with that, and check for a slight chlorine smell afterward. No smell may call for another dose. The dry compound stores up to 10 years.
My city water got cut off, what do I do?
Check your utility or local government for notices, then use your stored water. With advance warning, fill bathtubs, sinks, and containers for flushing and sanitation. Your water heater holds usable water, and so does the toilet tank, not the bowl, if it is clear, has never had drop-in cleaner, and you treat it before drinking. Longer term, set up rainwater collection, keep purification methods on hand, and have large containers for hauling water.
Do I need to purify water from a deep well?
A deep well is better protected than surface water, but it is not immune. Heavy metals, radon, nitrates, chemical runoff, and microbes can still get in, especially through cracks, a bad seal, poor maintenance, flooding, or an earthquake. Private wells are unregulated, so testing and treating the water is up to you.
How do I test my well water?
Basic color-strip kits from a hardware store check pH, hardness, nitrates, chlorine, bacteria, lead, and pesticides. Digital testers and meters give more precise readings for things like pH and total dissolved solids. Mailing samples to a lab is the most accurate option, and county extension offices or health departments sometimes offer testing or kits.
Can I drink the water in my water heater in an emergency?
Yes, your home's water heater can be a source of potable water. Turn off the gas or the breaker first, close the incoming valve, open a hot water faucet somewhere in the house so air can get in, then drain from the spigot at the bottom. Do not turn the gas or power back on until the tank is full again. The toilet tank, not the bowl, also holds a couple of gallons, but only if the water is clear and the tank has never had drop-in cleaner, and treat it before drinking.
How much water should I store per person?
Store 1 gallon per person per day. Three days is the bare minimum and two weeks is the target for a home supply. If the supply is cut, your water heater and toilet tank are hidden reserves on top of what you have stored.
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