Where do the numbers in the prepper's chemical survival guide come from

From primary sources: CDC and EPA disinfection guidance, USDA and NCHFP process times, NIOSH and manufacturer safety data sheets, poison-center and MedlinePlus dosing, WHO and MSF guidelines, and university extension pages. The sources page lists them compound by compound with a link to each.

Sources Behind the Prepper's Chemical Survival Guide

Chapter 7, page 30 · 13 compound sources · 3 recipes

Activated Charcoal

The compound page

Works by adsorption, not absorption; huge surface areaActivated charcoal: An effective treatment for poisoningsPoison Control · poison.orgBinds poisons by adsorption; one teaspoon has football-field surface area
A single gram can hide up to a thousand square meters of surfaceGranular Activated Carbon (GAC) Fact SheetWater Quality Association · wqa.orgOne gram of GAC can exceed 1000 m2 of surface area
Water filter: removes chlorine, taste, odor, some chemicals; not germsDrinking Water Treatment: Activated Carbon Filtration (G1489)University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension · extensionpubs.unl.eduCarbon removes chlorine, taste, odor, some organics; not bacteria or viruses
Adsorption drops as it fills; spent carbon stops workingDrinking Water Treatment: Activated Carbon Filtration (G1489)University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension · extensionpubs.unl.eduSaturated carbon lets contaminants break through once sites fill
Does not bind alcohols (including methanol), ethylene glycol, lithium, ironActivated CHARCOAL oralMSF Medical Guidelines · medicalguidelines.msf.orgLists alcohols, methanol, ethylene glycol, lithium, iron salts as not adsorbed
Does not bind petroleum/hydrocarbons; poor for lithiumPosition Statement: Single-Dose Activated CharcoalAACT / EAPCCT position statement · clintox.orgHydrocarbons not warranted; lithium not appreciably adsorbed; contraindicated with unprotected airway
Timing: works best within about an hour of swallowingActivated CHARCOAL oralMSF Medical Guidelines · medicalguidelines.msf.orgGive as soon as possible, preferably within one hour
Works best within about an hour; some benefit laterPosition Statement: Single-Dose Activated CharcoalAACT / EAPCCT position statement · clintox.orgGreatest benefit within 1 hour; data insufficient after that
Only if fully alert; aspiration into lungs is dangerousActivated charcoal: An effective treatment for poisoningsPoison Control · poison.orgAspiration risk, especially in a very drowsy person
Never give to someone drowsy or vomiting; call Poison Control firstActivated CharcoalWashington Poison Center · wapc.orgGive only when alert and cooperative; always call poison center first
Black stool is normal and harmlessActivated CHARCOAL oralMSF Medical Guidelines · medicalguidelines.msf.orgBlack stools listed as normal side effect
Hazard class: low, nuisance dust; storage sealed and dryCENTAUR HSL 8X30 Activated Carbon MSDSCalgon Carbon SDS · calgoncarbon.comDust is mild irritant; store in closed containers, cool, dry, away from oxidizers
What to avoid: flame/oxidizers; wet carbon depletes oxygen in enclosed spacesCENTAUR HSL 8X30 Activated Carbon MSDSCalgon Carbon SDS · calgoncarbon.comKeep from oxidizers and ignition; wet carbon removes oxygen from air

Recipes that use it

7.1Treatment for Poison or Drug Ingestion9 sources

The recipe on the site · page 31

Call Poison Control first at 1-800-222-1222Activated charcoal: An effective treatment for poisoningsPoison Control · poison.orgPoison Control number 1-800-222-1222, free and 24 hours; do not treat at home
Adult single dose in gramsActivated CHARCOAL oralMSF Medical Guidelines · medicalguidelines.msf.orgAdult and over-12 dose 50 g
Adult dose rangePosition Statement: Single-Dose Activated CharcoalAACT / EAPCCT position statement · clintox.orgUSP DI regimen 25-100 g for adolescents and adults
Dosing window about an hour after ingestionActivated CHARCOAL oralMSF Medical Guidelines · medicalguidelines.msf.orgGive as soon as possible, preferably within one hour
Also binds drugs taken recently; which poisons are not adsorbedPosition Statement: Single-Dose Activated CharcoalAACT / EAPCCT position statement · clintox.orgReduces bioavailability of adsorbable drugs; hydrocarbons and lithium poorly handled
Side effects: vomiting, constipation, dark stoolsActivated CHARCOAL oralMSF Medical Guidelines · medicalguidelines.msf.orgLists black stools, constipation, vomiting
Aspiration risk if not fully alert; do not forceActivated CharcoalWashington Poison Center · wapc.orgOnly when alert and cooperative; never force it
Do not use without poison center guidance; acids and gasoline worsenActivated Charcoal - EMSAPoison Control · emsaok.govUse only on advice of 911, physician or poison center; worsens acids and gasoline
Storage sealed, cool, dryCENTAUR HSL 8X30 Activated Carbon MSDSCalgon Carbon SDS · calgoncarbon.comStore closed containers in cool, dry area

7.2Topical Poultice for Bites, Stings, and Infections6 sources

The recipe on the site · page 32

Bentonite clay can carry lead; FDA warned about a contaminated productFDA Warns Consumers Not to Use "Best Bentonite Clay"FDA · fda.govFDA found elevated lead in Best Bentonite Clay and warned consumers
Lab studies show some clays kill or reduce bacteriaClays hold promise in fight against infectionsArizona State University · news.asu.eduAt least two US clays killed or reduced MRSA, E. coli, Salmonella in lab tests
Charcoal powder stores sealed, dryCENTAUR HSL 8X30 Activated Carbon MSDSCalgon Carbon SDS · calgoncarbon.comStore in closed containers, cool and dry
Clay in lab studies binds or kills bacteria (mechanical effect)Clays hold promise in fight against infectionsArizona State University · news.asu.eduClay minerals killed MRSA, E. coli, Salmonella in lab; mechanism unresolved
FDA has warned about lead-contaminated clay; use third-party tested clayFDA warns consumers about health risks with Alikay Naturals Bentonite Me BabyFDA · fda.govFDA found elevated lead in a bentonite clay product sold for skin and ingestion
Storage: sealed, dry, cool; clay is hygroscopicSafety Data Sheet: Bentonite, Powder, NF (BE125)Spectrum Chemical SDS · spectrumchemical.comKeep tightly closed, dry; protect from moisture

7.3DIY Soda Bottle Water Filter6 sources

The recipe on the site · page 33

Charcoal removes sediment, taste, odor, chlorine; not bacteria, viruses, saltsDrinking Water Treatment: Activated Carbon Filtration (G1489)University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension · extensionpubs.unl.eduCarbon removes chlorine, taste, odor; will not remove bacteria, viruses, minerals
Do not store the filter wet; bacteria grow in damp mediaDrinking Water Treatment: Activated Carbon Filtration (G1489)University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension · extensionpubs.unl.eduIdle or saturated carbon filters can support bacterial growth
Charcoal strips chlorine, so disinfect after filteringDrinking Water Treatment: Activated Carbon Filtration (G1489)University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension · extensionpubs.unl.eduCarbon removes chlorine and chloramines
Always disinfect output: boil 1 minute, 3 minutes above 6,500 ftHousehold Water TreatmentCDC · cdc.govRolling boil 1 minute; 3 minutes above 6,500 feet kills viruses, bacteria, parasites
Filters do not reliably remove viruses; carbon handles taste and chemicalsGuide to Treating Water in the BackcountryColorado State University Extension · extension.colostate.eduOnly special filters remove viruses; carbon listed for turbidity, tannins, chemicals
Boiling and chemical treatment timesGuide to Treating Water in the BackcountryColorado State University Extension · extension.colostate.eduBoil 60 seconds, 3 minutes above 2,000 m; iodine and chlorine dioxide contact times

Chapter 12, page 71 · 9 compound sources · 5 recipes

Ascorbic Acid

The compound page

Vitamin C is essential; humans cannot synthesize itVitamin C Fact Sheet for Health ProfessionalsNIH Office of Dietary Supplements · ods.od.nih.govStates humans cannot synthesize vitamin C endogenously
Upper limit 2,000 mg/day; higher doses cause cramps, nausea, diarrheaVitamin C Fact Sheet for Health ProfessionalsNIH Office of Dietary Supplements · ods.od.nih.govUL 2,000 mg/day adults; high doses cause diarrhea, nausea, cramps
Hazard class: LowAscorbic Acid MSDSGusmer Enterprises SDS · gusmerenterprises.comSDS: no hazard classification, no particular hazards known
Storage: sealed, dry, dark; avoid air, light, heat; powder yellows with ageAscorbic Acid MSDSGusmer Enterprises SDS · gusmerenterprises.comStore sealed, dry, away from light; yellow discoloration on prolonged storage
Dissolved vitamin C fades within hours; mix freshAscorbic Acid MSDSGusmer Enterprises SDS · gusmerenterprises.comAqueous solutions very susceptible to oxidative decomposition
Avoid air and light; oxidizes on exposureAscorbic Acid SDSPure Ingredients SDS · cdn.shopify.comProduct oxidizes on exposure to air and light; keep sealed, dry
Removes chlorine taste from water after disinfectionUsing Vitamin C To Neutralize Chlorine in Water SystemsUSDA · fs.usda.govAscorbic acid neutralizes chlorine; non-hazardous, roughly 2.5 parts per part chlorine
Anti-browning agent for cut produceDrying FruitsColorado State University Extension · extension.colostate.eduAscorbic acid is an antioxidant that keeps fruit from darkening
Food-grade ascorbic acid is a recognized safe food ingredient21 CFR 182.3013 Ascorbic acidFDA · law.cornell.eduAscorbic acid listed as generally recognized as safe

Recipes that use it

6.3Emergency Water Purification8 sources

The recipe on the site · page 29

Iodine drop count per quart for clear vs cloudy water and 30-minute contactEmergency Disinfection of Drinking WaterEPA · epa.gov5 drops 2% iodine per quart, 10 if cloudy, stand 30 minutes
Iodine drop counts per quart for clear vs cloudy water and 30-minute waitEmergency Disinfection of Drinking WaterEPA · epa.gov2% iodine: 5 drops clear, 10 drops cloudy per quart; stand 30 min
Iodine does not kill Cryptosporidium; not for pregnancy, thyroid disease; short-term use only; 1-micron filterHow to Make Water Safe in an EmergencyCDC · cdc.govIodine fails on Crypto; avoid if pregnant/thyroid; not beyond a few weeks; 1-micron absolute filter
Drop counts per quart for clear vs cloudy water with 2% iodine and 30-minute contact follow EPA emergency guidanceEmergency Disinfection of Drinking WaterEPA · epa.gov2% iodine: 5 drops/quart clear, 10 drops cloudy, stand 30 minutes
Iodine does not kill Cryptosporidium; short-term use only (a few weeks); avoid in pregnancy, thyroid disease, iodine sensitivityHow to Make Water Safe in an EmergencyCDC · cdc.govIodine won't kill Crypto; no more than a few weeks; pregnant/thyroid/iodine-sensitive should avoid
Kills bacteria and viruses; inactivates Giardia with longer contact; cloudy water needs more or longer; pre-filterWater Disinfection for TravelersCDC · cdc.govEffective vs bacteria/viruses, Giardia with longer contact; poor vs Crypto; clarify cloudy water first
About 5 ppm iodine in clear water and roughly double in cold or cloudy water is within accepted rangesIodine as a drinking-water disinfectantWHO · cdn.who.intWHO: iodine doses 4-16 mg/L, 20-35 min; colder water needs more
Boiling or bleach preferred for infants, pregnant women, thyroid diseaseAbout Water Treatment Options When Hiking, Camping, or TravelingCDC · cdc.govPregnant, thyroid problems, iodine hypersensitivity should avoid iodine-treated water

12.1Vitamin C & Chlorine-Free Drinking Water3 sources

The recipe on the site · page 72

Daily maximum of 2,000 mg and GI side effects above itVitamin C Fact Sheet for Health ProfessionalsNIH Office of Dietary Supplements · ods.od.nih.govUL 2,000 mg/day; high doses cause diarrhea, nausea, cramps
Ascorbic acid neutralizes free chlorine; harmless to usersUsing Vitamin C To Neutralize Chlorine in Water SystemsUSDA · fs.usda.govNeutralizes chlorine; not a hazardous chemical; slightly lowers pH
Dry powder storage conditions and yellowing with ageAscorbic Acid MSDSGusmer Enterprises SDS · gusmerenterprises.comStore sealed, dry, dark; yellow discoloration on prolonged storage

12.2Fruit Leather Preservation1 source

The recipe on the site · page 73

Drying temperature, ascorbic acid addition per puree, 1 month room temperature or 12 months frozenMaking fruit leatherUniversity of Missouri Extension · extension.missouri.eduDry at 140 F; ascorbic acid per 2 cups fruit; keeps 1 month, freezer 1 year

12.3Anti-Browning Dip for Produce3 sources

The recipe on the site · page 74

Ascorbic acid solution strength and soak time before drying; antioxidant actionDrying FruitsColorado State University Extension · extension.colostate.eduCrystals per quart of water, 10 minute soak; antioxidant keeps fruit from darkening
Solution weakens with use and should be refreshedDrying FruitsClemson Cooperative Extension HGIC · hgic.clemson.eduRefresh solution with more ascorbic acid after two uses; 3-5 minute soak
Ascorbic acid per quart of water for freezing fruitFreezing FruitsColorado State University Extension · extension.colostate.eduGives ascorbic acid amounts per quart of water or syrup for color

12.4Meat Color and Freshness Preservation2 sources

The recipe on the site · page 75

USDA permits ascorbic acid surface treatment on fresh beef, lamb and pork to delay discolorationUse of Ascorbic Acid, Erythorbic Acid on Fresh Beef and Lamb CutsUSDA · govinfo.govFSIS rule: ascorbic acid on fresh beef, lamb, pork cuts, max 500 ppm
Home-dried jerky keeps 1 to 2 months at room temperatureJerky and Food SafetyUSDA · fsis.usda.govHome-dried jerky can be stored 1 to 2 months

Chapter 9, page 40 · 9 compound sources · 24 recipes

Baking Soda

The compound page

Sodium bicarbonate chemistry, uses (leavening, antacid, fire extinguisher powder, acid neutralizer), pH 8.3 in solutionSodium Bicarbonate (Handling) Technical Evaluation Report 2025USDA · ams.usda.gov0.1 M solution pH 8.3; lists leavening, antacid, extinguisher powder, acid neutralizing uses
pH ~8, mild base; hazard class low; avoid moisture and strong acidsSodium Bicarbonate Safety Data SheetArm & Hammer SDS · ahperformance.com1% solution pH about 8.3; GHS not classified; incompatible with acids and moisture
Storage: sealed, dry, odor-free; decomposes in humid air; absorbs odorsSodium Bicarbonate (Handling) Technical Evaluation Report 2025USDA · ams.usda.govStable in dry air, decomposes above 85% RH, absorbs odors, airtight dry storage advised
Storage: cool dry place, container closed, below 150 FSodium Bicarbonate Safety Data SheetArm & Hammer SDS · ahperformance.comStore dry and cool, keep closed, storage temperature under 65 C
Shelf life: effectively indefinite when dry (manufacturer gives a 3-year minimum)Sodium Bicarbonate Stability and Shelf LifeArm & Hammer · ahperformance.comShelf life at least 3 years properly stored; caking does not affect purity or function
Heating converts baking soda to washing soda (sodium carbonate)Sodium Bicarbonate (Handling) Technical Evaluation Report 2025USDA · ams.usda.govSolid decomposes to sodium carbonate from above 50 C, completely at 270 C
Hazards: overdose causes vomiting, diarrhea, seizures, kidney failure; stomach rupture after large meal; call Poison ControlBaking Soda: Not Just for BakingPoison Control · poison.orgLists GI effects, high sodium effects, rare stomach rupture after large meal or alcohol
Hazards: home-remedy misuse leads to metabolic alkalosis and electrolyte imbalanceBaking soda misuse as a home remedy: case experience of the California Poison Control SystemPoison Control · escholarship.org192 California poison center cases; antacid use 60%; alkalosis, electrolyte imbalance, hospital admissions
Smothers small grease fires by releasing CO2 (fire-extinguisher ingredient)Sodium Bicarbonate (Handling) Technical Evaluation Report 2025USDA · ams.usda.govListed as fire extinguisher powder ingredient; releases CO2 on heating

Recipes that use it

9.1Baking Soda Antacid Drink4 sources

The recipe on the site · page 41

Antacid dosing in water, timing after meals, not on overly full stomach, sodium-restricted and pregnancy cautions, 2-week limitSodium BicarbonateMedlinePlus (NLM) · medlineplus.govDissolve measured powder in 4+ oz water, 1-2 h after meals; not on full stomach; 2-week limit
Stomach rupture risk after large meal; OTC antacids safer; sodium load harms kidneysBaking Soda: Not Just for BakingPoison Control · poison.orgStomach ruptures after large meal or alcohol binge; high sodium causes kidney failure
Sports-science loading doses cause GI distress; gastric rupture in extreme casesSodium Bicarbonate (Handling) Technical Evaluation Report 2025USDA · ams.usda.govAthlete doses 0.2-0.3 g/kg; bloating, pain, gastric rupture possible in extreme cases
Antacid misuse is the main cause of poison center calls; alkalosisBaking soda misuse as a home remedyPoison Control · escholarship.org60% of 192 misuse cases were antacid use; metabolic alkalosis, admissions

9.2Toothpaste & Mouth Rinse2 sources

The recipe on the site · page 42

Baking soda is used as a toothpaste ingredient and neutralizes acidSodium Bicarbonate (Handling) Technical Evaluation Report 2025USDA · ams.usda.govLists toothpaste ingredient use and acid-neutralizing pH control
Salt rinse strength: about half a teaspoon per cup of warm water; spit, do not swallow; children over 6Sore throat: Diagnosis and treatmentMayo Clinic · mayoclinic.org1/4 to 1/2 tsp salt in 4-8 oz warm water; gargle and spit; children older than 6

9.3Foot Powder5 sources

The recipe on the site · page 43

Keep feet dry; active athlete's foot needs an antifungalIntertrigo and Common Secondary Skin InfectionsAmerican Family Physician · aafp.orgDermatophyte and Candida infections treated with topical antifungals; keep folds dry
Avoid inhaling the powderAre diaper rash products dangerous?Poison Control · poison.orgInhaled powder can damage lungs
Store cornstarch sealed and dryApproximate Storage Times: Cupboard (L-806)Kansas State University Cooperative Extension · extension.usu.eduKeep dry and covered
Baking soda neutralizes acidic (sweat/odor) compoundsSodium Bicarbonate (Handling) Technical Evaluation Report 2025USDA · ams.usda.govAcid neutralizer; absorbs odors
DE dust in a foot powder is a respiratory irritantDiatomaceous Earth General Fact SheetNPIC, Oregon State University · npic.orst.eduBreathing DE irritates nose and airways

9.4No-Shampoo Hair Wash4 sources

The recipe on the site · page 44

Baking soda solution is alkaline, around pH 8.3Sodium Bicarbonate Compacted SpecificationChurch & Dwight · ahperformance.com1% sodium bicarbonate solution pH approximately 8.3
Essential oils in the rinse are toxic to cats and birdsToxicoses from Essential Oils in AnimalsMerck Veterinary Manual · merckvetmanual.comCats lack glucuronyl transferase; birds sensitive to aerosolized oils
Scalp and hair sit near pH 4.5-5.5; alkaline washes lift the cuticle, raise friction, frizz and breakage; acid rinse smoothsThe Shampoo pH can Affect the Hair: Myth or Reality?International Journal of Trichology · pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.govScalp pH ~5.5, hair ~3.7; alkaline pH raises negative charge, friction, breakage, frizz
Baking soda solution is about pH 8.3Sodium Bicarbonate Safety Data SheetArm & Hammer SDS · ahperformance.com1% solution pH about 8.3

9.5Foot Soak for Odor & Itch5 sources

The recipe on the site · page 45

Baking soda neutralizes acidic odor compoundsSodium Bicarbonate (Handling) Technical Evaluation Report 2025USDA · ams.usda.govUsed as pH control agent to neutralize acidic components
Athlete's foot needs an OTC antifungal (clotrimazole, terbinafine); keep feet dry; seek care for red streaks, pus, feverAthlete's footMedlinePlus (NLM) · medlineplus.govOTC miconazole, clotrimazole, terbinafine creams; dry feet completely; see provider for streaks, pus, fever
Tea tree oil: limited evidence for athlete's foot, may irritate skinTea Tree Oil: Usefulness and SafetyNIH · nccih.nih.govMay help athlete's foot but not as well as standard treatments; can cause skin irritation
Tea tree oil is hazardous to pets (cats, dogs, birds)The Essentials of Essential Oils Around PetsASPCA · aspca.orgConcentrated tea tree oil can cause problems for pets with 7-8 drops; birds sensitive to oils
People with diabetes should not soak feet and need evaluation for foot infectionYour Feet and DiabetesCDC · cdc.govWash feet in warm water but don't soak; dry completely

9.6Itch Relief for Bites & Rashes1 source

The recipe on the site · page 46

Baking soda is nonirritant and low hazard on skinSodium Bicarbonate Safety Data SheetArm & Hammer SDS · ahperformance.comDescribed as essentially nontoxic and nonirritant; GHS not classified

9.7Soothing Full-Body Soak1 source

The recipe on the site · page 47

Baking soda is nonirritant, low hazard on skinSodium Bicarbonate Safety Data SheetArm & Hammer SDS · ahperformance.comGHS not classified; essentially nontoxic and nonirritant

9.8Alkaline Cleaning Paste for Residue Removal3 sources

The recipe on the site · page 48

Adding vinegar cancels baking soda's alkalinity (acid decomposes it)Sodium Bicarbonate (Handling) Technical Evaluation Report 2025USDA · ams.usda.govWeak acids easily decompose sodium bicarbonate
Alkalis cut grease and food soils; acids, not alkalis, remove mineral scale; alkalis darken aluminumSelection and Use of Home Cleaning Products (G-304)New Mexico State University Extension · pubs.nmsu.eduAlkalis clean grease and oils; acids remove mineral and rust deposits; alkalis can darken aluminum
Washing soda irritates skin on prolonged contact; strongly alkalineArm & Hammer Super Washing Soda Safety Data SheetChurch & Dwight SDS · uwaterloo.capH 11.4; repeated or prolonged exposure likely to cause irritation

9.9Drain Odor Treatment2 sources

The recipe on the site · page 49

Baking soda then vinegar as a drain freshenerCleaning with VinegarTioga County Public Health · tiogacountyny.govDrain refresher: half cup baking soda, then vinegar, then hot water
Baking soda neutralizes acidic odor compounds; acid decomposes it to CO2 (so mixing with vinegar wastes both)Sodium Bicarbonate (Handling) Technical Evaluation Report 2025USDA · ams.usda.govAcid neutralizer; weak acids easily decompose it releasing CO2

9.10Shelf-Stable Laundry Cleaning Formula3 sources

The recipe on the site · page 50

Dry baking soda keeps for years sealed and drySodium Bicarbonate Stability and Shelf LifeArm & Hammer · ahperformance.comShelf life at least 3 years properly stored
Borax and washing soda are skin and eye irritants; wear glovesArm & Hammer Super Washing Soda Safety Data SheetChurch & Dwight SDS · uwaterloo.caWashing soda SDS: causes serious eye irritation, pH 11.4, prolonged skin contact irritates
Oxygen bleach (percarbonate) loses potency over time; keep dry; oxidizer kept from incompatiblesSodium Percarbonate Safety and Handling InformationSolvay · solvay.comPercarbonate decomposes slowly, stored several months without significant oxygen loss; keep dry, away from acids, metals, organics

9.11Deodorizer for Enclosed Spaces and Surfaces2 sources

The recipe on the site · page 51

Baking soda absorbs odors and neutralizes acidic compoundsSodium Bicarbonate (Handling) Technical Evaluation Report 2025USDA · ams.usda.govAbsorbs odors from surroundings; neutralizes acids
Used to absorb refrigerator odorsBaking Soda: Not Just for BakingPoison Control · poison.orgLists absorbing odors in refrigerators as a use

9.12Baking Soda Mouse Bait1 source

The recipe on the site · page 52

Rodents cannot vomit: weaker diaphragm, stomach anatomy, missing brainstem emetic circuitWhy Can't Rodents Vomit? A Comparative Behavioral, Anatomical, and Physiological StudyPLoS ONE · openaccess.sgul.ac.ukRats, mice, others never vomited; less muscular diaphragm; brainstem circuit absent

9.13Emergency Fire Suppressant for Cooking Areas2 sources

The recipe on the site · page 53

Never use water on grease fires; baking soda only on small fires and needs a lot; lid or Class B/ABC extinguisher for bigger firesGrease Fire SafetyLincoln County NC Fire Marshal · lincolncountync.govWater spreads burning oil; baking soda small fires only, large amount; metal lid; B/BC/ABC extinguisher
Baking soda releases CO2 on heating and is a fire-extinguisher powder ingredientSodium Bicarbonate (Handling) Technical Evaluation Report 2025USDA · ams.usda.govListed in extinguisher powders; decomposes releasing CO2

9.14Poultry Housing Deodorizing Powder2 sources

The recipe on the site · page 54

DE dries out mites and insects by stripping cuticle oils; works only while dry; registered for use in kennels and on animalsDiatomaceous Earth General Fact SheetNPIC, Oregon State University · npic.orst.eduAbsorbs cuticle oils; effective only kept dry; products for kennels, dogs, cats
Fine DE dust irritates airways; keep dust downDiatomaceous Earth General Fact SheetNPIC, Oregon State University · npic.orst.eduInhaled DE irritates nasal passages; large amounts cause cough, shortness of breath

9.15Safe Acid Spill Neutralization3 sources

The recipe on the site · page 55

Baking soda is alkaline (solution pH about 8.3) and neutralizes acidsSodium Bicarbonate Compacted SpecificationChurch & Dwight · ahperformance.com1% sodium bicarbonate solution pH approximately 8.3
Baking soda keeps indefinitely when dry (label shelf life 3 years)Frequently Asked QuestionsArm & Hammer · armandhammer.comArm & Hammer states 3-year shelf life
Baking soda converts acids to salts, water and CO2Sodium Bicarbonate (Handling) Technical Evaluation Report 2025USDA · ams.usda.govUsed as acid neutralizer; acids decompose it releasing CO2

9.16Quick Soil pH Test2 sources

The recipe on the site · page 56

Vinegar is a mild acid (pH about 2.3) and baking soda an alkali (pH about 8.3), the basis of the fizz testSDS Vinegar 4 to 10 percentFleischmann's Vinegar SDS · cdn.shopify.comVinegar pH 2.3; incompatible with carbonates and bases
Baking soda fizzes (releases CO2) on contact with acidsSodium Bicarbonate (Handling) Technical Evaluation Report 2025USDA · ams.usda.govWeak acids decompose sodium bicarbonate releasing carbon dioxide

9.17Flavor Enhancement for Treated and Stored Water2 sources

The recipe on the site · page 57

Raising pH shifts chlorine from hypochlorous acid to the hypochlorite ion formChlorinated Water Sanitation of Leafy Green VegetablesOhio State University Extension · ohioline.osu.eduAt pH 8 about 65% is hypochlorite ion vs 10% at pH 6.5
Complete disinfection and wait time first; aerate by pouring between containers to improve tasteEmergency Disinfection of Drinking WaterEPA · epa.govLet stand 30 min; pour between clean containers to reduce chlorine taste

9.18Shelf-Stable Leavening (Baking Powder)7 sources

The recipe on the site · page 58

Baking soda needs an acid; too much soda gives off taste; substitution ratio soda to cream of tartarBaking soda vs. baking powderUniversity of Illinois Extension · extension.illinois.eduSoda requires acid; excess gives metallic taste; 1/4 tsp soda plus 1/2 tsp cream of tartar per tsp powder
Substitution ratio of soda to cream of tartarList of Ingredient Substitutions for Cooking and BakingUtah State University Extension · extension.usu.edu1 tsp baking powder = 1/4 tsp soda + 5/8 tsp cream of tartar
Commercial baking powder is soda plus acid plus starch; double-actingBaking soda vs. baking powderUniversity of Illinois Extension · extension.illinois.eduBaking powder combines soda, cream of tartar, cornstarch; double-acting rises twice
Commercial baking powder loses potency in 1 to 2 yearsApproximate Storage Times: Cupboard (L-806)Kansas State University Cooperative Extension · extension.usu.eduBaking powder 18 months or expiration date; baking soda 2 years
Baking powder shelf lifeFood Storage Guide Answers the Question (FN579)NDSU Extension · ndsu.eduBaking powder 6-18 months unopened, 3-6 months opened
Baking soda only rises when paired with a leavening acid (cream of tartar, tartaric acid)Sodium Bicarbonate (Handling) Technical Evaluation Report 2025USDA · ams.usda.govReleases CO2 when reacting with a leavening acid; tartaric acid decomposes it
Dry baking soda keeps for years sealedSodium Bicarbonate Stability and Shelf LifeArm & Hammer · ahperformance.comShelf life at least 3 years properly stored

9.19Acidity Reduction in Bottled and Preserved Meals1 source

The recipe on the site · page 59

Baking soda is a food pH-control agent that neutralizes acidic componentsSodium Bicarbonate (Handling) Technical Evaluation Report 2025USDA · ams.usda.govUsed as pH control agent neutralizing acids in foods

9.20Fruit and Vegetable Surface Cleaning1 source

The recipe on the site · page 60

Vinegar kills some bacteria but does not sterilizeCleaning with VinegarTioga County Public Health · tiogacountyny.govKills some bacteria such as E. coli, Salmonella; not hospital grade

9.21Make Washing Soda from Baking Soda2 sources

The recipe on the site · page 61

Oven heat converts sodium bicarbonate to sodium carbonate, giving off CO2 and water; complete by 270 C (about 520 F) so 400-425 F worksSodium Bicarbonate (Handling) Technical Evaluation Report 2025USDA · ams.usda.govDecomposition starts above 50 C, complete at 270 C; CO2 and water released
Baking soda solution pH 8.3Sodium Bicarbonate Safety Data SheetArm & Hammer SDS · ahperformance.com1% solution pH about 8.3

9.22Powdery Mildew and Black Spot Leaf Spray2 sources

The recipe on the site · page 62

Baking soda plus horticultural oil controls powdery mildew on roses; soda alone fails; home mixes with oils/detergent can burn leavesPowdery Mildew on OrnamentalsUConn Home & Garden Education Center · homegarden.cahnr.uconn.eduBicarbonate with 1% oil effective on roses; alone ineffective on lilac; phytotoxicity warning
Rate about 1 tbsp per gallon with oil; oil needed; protectant; potassium bicarbonate works better; over-strength burns leavesUse of Baking Soda as a FungicideATTRA / NCAT · webarchive.library.unt.eduCornell 0.5% soda + 0.5% oil; soda alone ineffective; potassium bicarbonate best; 2% burned cucurbits

13.7Battery Terminal Cleaner1 source

The recipe on the site · page 83

Alkaline battery leakage is potassium hydroxide; neutralize with vinegar or lemon juice; caustic, wear gloves and eye protectionBattery leakage and cleanupEnergizer · energizer.comLeak is potassium hydroxide; caustic; dab with vinegar; gloves, eyewear

14.5Odor-Stripping Soak for Stinky Clothes7 sources

The recipe on the site · page 92

Vinegar with hydrogen peroxide forms peracetic acid, a lung and eye irritantHazard Alert: Mixing CleanersNew Jersey Department of Health · nj.govHydrogen peroxide and vinegar form peracetic acid irritating eyes, skin, lungs
Baking soda is alkaline (pH about 8.3), vinegar acidic; the two cancelSodium Bicarbonate Compacted SpecificationChurch & Dwight · ahperformance.comSodium bicarbonate 1% solution pH approximately 8.3
Peracetic acid is corrosive to metals and unstable; peroxide fades with light so store darkChemical Disinfectants: Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare FacilitiesCDC · cdc.govPeracetic acid corrodes metals; peroxide stable only in dark containers
Acid soak cancels an alkaline baking soda soakSodium Bicarbonate (Handling) Technical Evaluation Report 2025USDA · ams.usda.govWeak acids decompose sodium bicarbonate
Potency test: fizz on potato; replace when it stops fizzingExpiration and Shelf Life of Hydrogen PeroxideLab Alley · laballey.comFizzing on a potato slice shows remaining oxidizing power
Never combine a vinegar (acid) soak with bleach-type or alkaline products; acid plus hypochlorite makes chlorine gasNo, vinegar is not always safePoison Control · poison.orgNever mix vinegar with chlorine bleach; creates irritating chlorine gas
Washing soda and borax are alkaline skin irritants; keep off aluminumSelection and Use of Home Cleaning Products (G-304)New Mexico State University Extension · pubs.nmsu.eduWashing soda corrodes aluminum; borax alkali cleaner; alkalis darken aluminum

Chapter 22, page 121 · 3 compound sources · 7 recipes

Beeswax

The compound page

Melting point ~145°FBeeswax, MAAREC Publication 3.9MAAREC (Mid-Atlantic Apiculture Research and Extension Consortium), University of Delaware · canr.udel.eduMelting point between 143 and 145°F; flammable, violent fire if it boils onto burner
Storage: sealed container, cool, out of sun; melt low in double boiler; discolors above 180°FThriving Hives: Processing and Using Beeswax - Candles and CosmeticsUtah State University Extension · extension.usu.eduStore in airtight container, dry, out of sunlight; double boiler on low heat; discolors above 180°F
Beeswax candles burn with less sootThriving Hives: Processing and Using Beeswax - Candles and CosmeticsUtah State University Extension · extension.usu.eduBeeswax produces slightly less soot, but may not be significantly cleaner

Recipes that use it

10.2Skin Protectant and Moisturizer5 sources

The recipe on the site · page 65

Glycerin humectant works best combined with an occlusive oil/wax, especially in low humidityDevelopment and Clinical Analysis of a Novel Humectant System of Glycerol, Hydroxyethylurea, and Glycerol QuatCosmetic Dermatology · cdn.mdedge.comGlycerol plus occlusive petrolatum mainstay; pairing more important in low humidity
Pure glycerin stores well sealed; hygroscopicGlycerin (glycerol) CAS 56-81-5 Safety Data SheetFisher Scientific SDS · durhamtech.eduKeep tightly closed; hygroscopic; stable
Glycerin is safe on skin and food grade21 CFR 182.1320 GlycerinFDA · law.cornell.eduGRAS listing
Glycerin humectant pulls water, can dry skin in low humidity; pair with occlusive oil or wax; apply to damp skinMoisturizers: Do they work?Harvard Health Publishing · health.harvard.eduHumectants draw water from deeper skin when air is dry; waxes and oils block evaporation; soak skin first
Beeswax with oil makes a salve base; melt in double boiler; oils go rancidThriving Hives: Processing and Using Beeswax - Candles and CosmeticsUtah State University Extension · extension.usu.eduBeeswax cream and lotion bar recipes with oils; double boiler melting

21.1Camphor Muscle Balm for Soreness7 sources

The recipe on the site · page 118

Camphor counterirritant concentration limit; external use only; not on damaged skin; under 2 see doctorExternal Analgesic Drug Products for OTC Human UseFDA · accessdata.fda.govCamphor 3-11 percent as counterirritant; external use only; no wounds; under 2 consult physician
Swallowed camphor is highly toxic; seizures in children; not for under 2VapoRub (Is this a poison?)Missouri Poison Center · missouripoisoncenter.orgCamphor highly toxic if ingested; vomiting, seizures, death; not for children under 2
Wax base keeps; melt away from high heatParaffin Wax Safety Data Sheet (SDS 575)Flinn Scientific SDS · new.flinnsci.comIndefinite shelf life stored properly; avoid high heat
Camphor is a recognized counterirritant at 3-11%; capsaicin adds warmth; external use only, not on broken skinExternal Analgesic Drug Products for OTC Human UseFDA · accessdata.fda.govCamphor 3-11% counterirritant; capsaicin 0.025-0.25%; not on wounds, avoid eyes
Swallowed camphor is highly toxic and causes seizures in childrenIs Vicks VapoRub safe?Poison Control · poison.orgSwallowed camphor causes seizures, death; children at higher risk
External use only; swallowed camphor is highly toxic and causes seizuresCamphor overdose - MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaMedlinePlus (NLM) · medlineplus.govCamphor overdose symptoms include seizures, agitation, unconsciousness; found in topical pain relievers
Camphor is flammable; keep from flameCamphor (synthetic) - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical HazardsNIOSH · cdc.govCombustible solid, flash point 150°F; irritates eyes, skin, mucous membranes

21.3Wax Gear Waterproofing4 sources

The recipe on the site · page 120

Melt over a water bath; wax can ignite without smoking firstParaffin Wax Safety Data Sheet (SDS 575)Flinn Scientific SDS · new.flinnsci.comFlash point 199°C; wax does not always smoke before it ignites
Smother a wax flare like a grease fireCooking Fire and Burn SafetyMassachusetts Department of Fire Services · mass.govCover with lid, turn off heat, never water
Camphor toxicity: keep from childrenVapoRub (Is this a poison?)Missouri Poison Center · missouripoisoncenter.orgCamphor highly toxic if ingested
Camphor and its vapor are flammable; melt over a water bath, work in fresh airCamphor (synthetic) - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical HazardsNIOSH · cdc.govCombustible solid, flash point 150°F; vapor irritates eyes and respiratory tract

22.1Beeswax Wood Finish and Furniture Polish2 sources

The recipe on the site · page 122

Food-grade mineral oil or beeswax conditions cutting boards; skip vegetable oils which go rancidBulletin #3108, Safe Cutting Boards: Materials, Usage, and Cleaning TipsUniversity of Maine Cooperative Extension · extension.umaine.eduCondition boards monthly with mineral oil or beeswax; olive and vegetable oils go bad
Melt beeswax and oil only in a double boiler; overheated wax can igniteBeeswax, MAAREC Publication 3.9MAAREC, University of Delaware · canr.udel.eduWax boiling onto burner risks violent fire; melt in water bath on low heat

22.2Beeswax Lip Balm and Skin Salve1 source

The recipe on the site · page 123

Lip balm ratio of beeswax to oils; double boiler melting; essential oil drops optionalThriving Hives: Processing and Using Beeswax - Candles and CosmeticsUtah State University Extension · extension.usu.eduLip balm recipe 2 tbsp beeswax to about 4 tbsp oils, few drops essential oil; double boiler

22.3Beeswax Emergency Candles3 sources

The recipe on the site · page 124

Beeswax needs larger wicks; melt in double boiler at low heat; candles tunnel if wick too smallThriving Hives: Processing and Using Beeswax - Candles and CosmeticsUtah State University Extension · extension.usu.eduSquare braid wicks preferred for beeswax, larger for wide candles; slow double boiler melt; tunneling
Never heat beeswax over direct flame; water bath onlyBeeswax, MAAREC Publication 3.9MAAREC, University of Delaware · canr.udel.eduMelting container set in softly boiling water; boil-over onto burner risks violent fire
Beeswax candles burn cleaner with far less soot than paraffinSummary of Okometric study on candle wax emissionsNational Candle Association · candles.orgCONFLICT: study found all well-made candles burn equally clean; beeswax reference candle particulates higher

22.4Reusable Beeswax Food Wraps1 source

The recipe on the site · page 125

Cotton cloth coated with beeswax, resin and oil in a low oven makes reusable wraps for produce and covering dishesThriving Hives: Processing and Using Beeswax - Candles and CosmeticsUtah State University Extension · extension.usu.eduWrap recipe: cotton, beeswax, pine resin, jojoba oil, brushed on and heated in oven; for fruit, vegetables, dishes

Chapter 25, page 133 · 7 compound sources · 3 recipes

Bentonite Clay

The compound page

Form: fine gray powder; swells in water and forms a viscous suspension; insolubleSafety Data Sheet: Bentonite, Powder, NF (BE125)Spectrum Chemical SDS · spectrumchemical.comBeige/light gray/tan powder; forms translucent viscous suspension in water
Storage: sealed container, away from moisture; stableSafety Data Sheet: Bentonite, Powder, NF (BE125)Spectrum Chemical SDS · spectrumchemical.comKeep tightly closed in dry place; hygroscopic; stable under normal conditions
Hazard: dust; avoid breathing itSafety Data Sheet: Bentonite, Powder, NF (BE125)Spectrum Chemical SDS · spectrumchemical.comAvoid dust formation; contains quartz; inhalation hazard to lungs
Some clays carry lead; FDA has warned about contaminated products; children most at riskFDA Warns Consumers Not to Use Best Bentonite ClayFDA · fda.govFDA found elevated lead in Best Bentonite Clay; chronic lead harms children
Some clays carry lead; FDA has warned about contaminated productsFDA warns consumers about health risks with Alikay Naturals Bentonite Me BabyFDA · fda.govElevated lead found in Bentonite Me Baby clay marketed for ingestion and skin
In lab studies clay kills or binds bacteria (mechanical, not a true antibiotic)Clays hold promise in fight against infectionsArizona State University · news.asu.eduClay minerals killed or reduced MRSA, E. coli, Salmonella in lab; mechanism unresolved
Purified pharmaceutical clay (diosmectite/smectite) has evidence for shortening acute diarrheaSmectite for treating children with acute diarrhoeaCochrane · cochrane.orgSmectite shortened diarrhea in children by about one day; low-certainty evidence

Recipes that use it

25.1Clay Binder for Digestive Upset3 sources

The recipe on the site · page 134

Purified smectite clay shortens acute diarrhea; generic clay is not a detoxSmectite for treating children with acute diarrhoeaCochrane · cochrane.orgSmectite shortened childhood diarrhea by about a day, low-certainty evidence
FDA has warned some clay products contain lead, dangerous to childrenFDA Warns Consumers Not to Use Best Bentonite ClayFDA · fda.govElevated lead found; chronic lead exposure impairs children's cognition
Storage: sealed container in a cool dry place; keep from moistureSafety Data Sheet: Bentonite, Powder, NF (BE125)Spectrum Chemical SDS · spectrumchemical.comKeep tightly closed in dry area; hygroscopic

25.2Clay Mask for Oily Skin and Minor Irritation3 sources

The recipe on the site · page 135

Clay swells in water into a thick suspension that absorbsSafety Data Sheet: Bentonite, Powder, NF (BE125)Spectrum Chemical SDS · spectrumchemical.comForms translucent viscous suspension in water
Patch-test tea tree oil; it can irritate skinTea Tree Oil: Usefulness and SafetyNIH · nccih.nih.govSome people develop skin redness or irritation from topical tea tree oil
Clay does not treat infection; signs needing care: spreading redness, warmth, pus, red streaks, feverHow To Clean a Wound at Home and When To Seek Medical CareCleveland Clinic · health.clevelandclinic.orgLists spreading redness, red streaks, swelling, warmth, pus, fever as reasons to seek care

25.3Clearing and Clarifying Cloudy Water2 sources

The recipe on the site · page 136

Settle or filter cloudy water first, then disinfect; clarifying does not kill germsHow to Make Water Safe in an EmergencyCDC · cdc.govFilter cloudy water through cloth or let settle, then boil or disinfect
Always boil or chemically treat after clarifyingEmergency Disinfection of Drinking WaterEPA · epa.govBoil 1 min (3 min above 5,000 ft) or disinfect with bleach or iodine after settling

Chapter 15, page 93 · 9 compound sources · 5 recipes

Borax

The compound page

Hazard class: eye and skin irritant; respiratory irritant from dustBorates, tetra, sodium salts (anhydrous)NIOSH · cdc.govLists irritation of eyes, skin, upper respiratory tract; REL 1 mg/m3
If it goes bad: hardens with moisture (avoid moisture)Borates, tetra, sodium salts (anhydrous)NIOSH · cdc.govIncompatibility listed as moisture; forms partial hydrate in moist air
EU flags borate as a possible reproductive hazardPublic consultation: CLH proposal for boric acid and various boratesECHA · echa.europa.euBorax carries harmonised Repr. 1B (H360FD) classification under EU CLP
Boron poisons insects by wrecking the gut and drying the shellBoric Acid General Fact SheetNPIC, Oregon State University · npic.orst.eduBoric acid disrupts insect stomach and nervous system, also abrades exterior
Keep from kids and pets; borax more irritating than boric acid; corrosive to eyeBoric Acid General Fact SheetNPIC, Oregon State University · npic.orst.eduBorax can be corrosive to the eye; infants more sensitive; animals poisoned similarly
Borax and boric acid are related but not interchangeable (alkaline vs acidic)Ant Baits for Small Household AntsIowa State University Extension · yardandgarden.extension.iastate.eduBorax pH 9.3 alkaline; boric acid pH 5.0 made by reacting borax with acid
Fire retardant for woodThe role of boron in flame-retardant treatmentsUSDA · research.fs.usda.govBorax-boric acid treatment of pine; >7.5% add-on meets Class I flame rating
Laundry booster and general cleaner; alkalineSelection and Use of Home Cleaning Products (G-304)New Mexico State University Extension · pubs.nmsu.eduBorax listed as alkali multipurpose cleaner for walls, sinks, carpets, deodorizer
Registered pesticide uses: insecticide, fungicide (wood), algaecide20 Mule Team Borax Manufacturing Grade label, EPA Reg. 1624-124EPA · www3.epa.govEPA label for 20 Mule Team Borax lists wood insecticide/fungicide and crack-and-crevice uses

Recipes that use it

14.3Laundry Booster and Fabric Stripping Solution4 sources

The recipe on the site · page 90

Washing soda is strongly alkaline (pH 11 to 12); gloves for prolonged contactArm & Hammer Super Washing Soda Safety Data SheetChurch & Dwight SDS · uwaterloo.caSDS gives pH 11.4; prolonged exposure irritates skin; serious eye irritant
Avoid aluminum with washing sodaSelection and Use of Home Cleaning Products (G-304)New Mexico State University Extension · pubs.nmsu.eduWashing soda is slightly corrosive, burns skin and corrodes aluminum
Washing soda laundry booster amount per load; pre-soak concentration and time; softens hard waterSuper Washing Soda Usage InstructionsArm & Hammer · armandhammer.comHalf cup per load with detergent; pre-soak 2 tbsp per gallon, 30 minutes; binds hardness minerals
Strong alkali; wear gloves; test fabricsTextiles Care: ProductsUniversity of Georgia Extension · site.extension.uga.eduWashing soda among harshest alkalies; wear waterproof gloves

15.1Ant and Roach Bait Using Borax4 sources

The recipe on the site · page 94

Slow-acting borate sugar bait carried back and shared through the colony; sugar-water concentration rangeAnt Management in Gardens and LandscapesUC Statewide IPM Program · ipm.ucanr.eduBaits must be slow acting; foragers spread it colony-wide; effective baits 0.5-1% boric acid in 10-25% sugar water
Slow-acting bait fed to queen and nestmates; keep stations from children and petsAnt Baits for Small Household AntsIowa State University Extension · yardandgarden.extension.iastate.eduWorkers carry slow-acting bait to nest and feed queen; keep baits away from children and pets
Roaches: light dry dust of boric acid in cracks and crevices; keep from childrenGerman CockroachesPenn State Extension · extension.psu.eduApply boric acid dusts lightly in cracks and crevices; heavy deposits repel; hazard to children
Borax works by disrupting the insect gut when ingestedBoric Acid General Fact SheetNPIC, Oregon State University · npic.orst.eduBoric acid disrupts insect stomach and nervous system when eaten

15.2Borax Flux for Soldering and Metal Joining1 source

The recipe on the site · page 95

Do not breathe borax dust; eye protectionBorates, tetra, sodium salts (anhydrous)NIOSH · cdc.govDust irritates eyes, skin, upper respiratory tract; nosebleeds, cough

15.3Mold Prevention Spray Using Borax3 sources

The recipe on the site · page 96

Borates are biocidal to wood-decay fungi; used on framing after water damageMold Remediation After Flooding (14e-mold)Mississippi State University Extension · extension.msstate.eduBorates biocidal to bacteria and wood decay fungi; mold-control agent must be added for mold fungi
Borax washes out with water, so use on protected surfacesLaboratory evaluation of borate/amine/zinc formulations for fungal decay protectionUSDA · research.fs.usda.govBorax-based wood treatments lost decay protection after two weeks of water leaching
Borax solution can irritate skin; avoid inhaling mistBorates, tetra, sodium salts (anhydrous)NIOSH · cdc.govDust irritates eyes, skin, respiratory tract

15.4Boron Micronutrient Feed for Deficient Crops3 sources

The recipe on the site · page 97

Deficiency shows as hollow broccoli stems and corky beet centers; narrow margin between enough and toxic; never near beans and peasBoron in vegetables: Not too little, not too muchMichigan State University Extension · canr.msu.eduCabbage family hollow stems, beets hollow/corky; beneficial-to-toxic gap is small; do not apply to beans and peas
Soil application rate of borax dissolved in water per 100 sq ft, only after a low soil testAsk Extension: Boron deficiency in vegetable garden soilUniversity of Maryland Extension · ask.extension.org1 tablespoon borax in 1 gallon water over 100 sq ft; act only on confirmed low boron
Borax is harmful if swallowed; keep from children, pets, food20 Mule Team Borax Manufacturing Grade label, EPA Reg. 1624-124EPA · www3.epa.govLabel: harmful if swallowed, moderate eye irritation, keep out of reach of children

Chapter 23, page 126 · 13 compound sources · 3 recipes

Boric Acid

The compound page

What it is: a boron compound; kills insects when they eat it; antifungalBoric Acid General Fact SheetNPIC, Oregon State University · npic.orst.eduBoric acid kills insects that eat it; also stops mold and fungi growth
Stomach poison to insects; abrasive; dust less effective when wetBoric Acid Technical Fact SheetNPIC, Oregon State University · npic.orst.eduActs as insect stomach poison; dusts lose effect when wet
Insects swallow dust while grooming; thin dusting not thick piles; lasts months if dryCockroach Elimination in Homes and Apartments (ENTFACT-614)University of Kentucky Entomology · entomology.mgcafe.uky.eduRoaches ingest it grooming; apply barely visible film; potent almost indefinitely if dry
Light dusting: roaches avoid heavy depositsGood grooming makes good pest controlTexas A&M AgriLife Extension · citybugs.tamu.eduLight dusting not repellent; heavy deposits avoided; poisoning via grooming
Hazard: toxic if eaten; keep from kids and petsBoric Acid General Fact SheetNPIC, Oregon State University · npic.orst.eduIngestion causes vomiting, diarrhea; children and pets exposure concerns
Toxic if eaten: harmful dose figuresBoric Acid Technical Fact SheetNPIC, Oregon State University · npic.orst.eduMinimum lethal oral dose 5-20 g adults, 3-6 g children
Toxic if swallowed in quantityToxFAQs for BoronCDC / ATSDR · wwwn.cdc.govAbout 30 g short-term can damage organs and cause death
Passes readily through broken skin, poorly through intact skinBoric Acid Technical Fact SheetNPIC, Oregon State University · npic.orst.eduPoorly absorbed through intact skin; significant absorption through damaged skin
Mild eye irritant (basis for dilute eyewash use)Boric Acid Technical Fact SheetNPIC, Oregon State University · npic.orst.eduBoric acid causes only mild eye irritation versus corrosive borax
Storage: sealed container, dry; stable; moisture sensitiveBoric acid B7660 Safety Data SheetSigma-Aldrich SDS · sigmaaldrich.comKeep tightly closed and dry; chemically stable; moisture sensitive
Hazard: reproductive toxicity warningBoric acid B7660 Safety Data SheetSigma-Aldrich SDS · sigmaaldrich.comClassified H360 may damage fertility or unborn child
Plant fungicide, mold killer usesBoric Acid General Fact SheetNPIC, Oregon State University · npic.orst.eduRegistered for molds, fungi, algae; stops fungal reproduction
Wood preservative and fire retardant usesToxFAQs for BoronCDC / ATSDR · wwwn.cdc.govBorates used in fire retardants and wood preservatives

Recipes that use it

23.1Boric Acid Eye Wash for Mild Irritation3 sources

The recipe on the site · page 127

Boric acid is only a mild eye irritantBoric Acid Technical Fact SheetNPIC, Oregon State University · npic.orst.eduBoric acid causes mild eye irritation; borax corrosive
Toxic if swallowed; keep powder and solution from children and petsBoric Acid General Fact SheetNPIC, Oregon State University · npic.orst.eduIngestion causes GI symptoms; chronic ingestion can be fatal; keep from children
Dry powder stored sealed and dry lasts; moisture sensitiveBoric acid B7660 Safety Data SheetSigma-Aldrich SDS · sigmaaldrich.comKeep tightly closed and dry; stable

23.2Insect Killing Powder for Indoor Pest Control5 sources

The recipe on the site · page 128

Very thin dust in cracks and voids; stays effective for months if dryCockroach Elimination in Homes and Apartments (ENTFACT-614)University of Kentucky Entomology · entomology.mgcafe.uky.eduBarely visible film in crevices and voids; potency almost indefinite when dry
Never dust food-prep surfacesCockroach Elimination in Homes and Apartments (ENTFACT-614)University of Kentucky Entomology · entomology.mgcafe.uky.eduNever apply to countertops or food preparation surfaces
Roaches swallow it while grooming; avoid heavy depositsGood grooming makes good pest controlTexas A&M AgriLife Extension · citybugs.tamu.eduPoisoning through grooming; light dusting not repellent
Slow stomach poison; dust fails when wetBoric Acid Technical Fact SheetNPIC, Oregon State University · npic.orst.eduStomach poison; dusts less effective when wet
Keep out of reach of children and petsBoric Acid General Fact SheetNPIC, Oregon State University · npic.orst.eduHand-to-mouth behavior concern; products applied out of children's reach

23.3Antifungal Foot Soak4 sources

The recipe on the site · page 129

Boric acid passes through broken skin and can build to harmful levelsBoric Acid Technical Fact SheetNPIC, Oregon State University · npic.orst.eduSignificant absorption through damaged skin; poorly through intact skin
Antifungal actionBoric Acid General Fact SheetNPIC, Oregon State University · npic.orst.eduStops growth of fungi such as mold by preventing reproduction
Diabetes or nerve damage: do not soak feet; test water temperatureTender Care for Your Feet (With Every Heartbeat Is Life, Session 7)NHLBI · nhlbi.nih.govDo not soak feet; use warm not hot water; nerve damage reduces sensation
Keep powder and solution from children and pets; never drinkBoric Acid General Fact SheetNPIC, Oregon State University · npic.orst.eduIngestion toxicity; children and pets exposure concerns

Chapter 8, page 34 · 8 compound sources · 6 recipes

Calcium Hydroxide

The compound page

Caustic; burns skin and eyes; wear gloves and gogglesNIOSH Pocket Guide: Calcium hydroxideNIOSH · cdc.govCauses eye, skin burns and blistering; irrigate eyes immediately
Absorbs carbon dioxide from air and turns to chalk; keep sealedNIOSH Pocket Guide: Calcium hydroxideNIOSH · cdc.govReadily absorbs CO2 from air to form calcium carbonate
Hazard class: Caustic; avoid acids; strongly alkaline in waterHydrated Lime Safety Data SheetCarmeuse SDS · carmeuse.comSerious eye damage Cat 1; pH 12.45; violent reaction with acids
Storage: sealed, dry, away from moisture and air; avoid aluminum containersHydrated Lime Safety Data SheetCarmeuse SDS · carmeuse.comKeep tightly closed, dry; reacts with CO2; aluminum not recommended
Lime mortar hardens back to stone by absorbing CO2 over yearsPreservation Brief 2: Repointing Mortar JointsNational Park Service · nps.govLime mortar hardens by carbonation continuing for many years
Hydrated lime raises soil pH faster and is stronger than ground limestone
From my shop33 compounds replace a cart of cleanersDisinfectant, laundry powder, drain cleaner, and more, mixed from what stores for years. Includes the never-mix chart.See the book
Prefer it on screen? Membership opens every recipe and resource from the book on this site, all twelve field guides, and My Manual: join for $49.95 per year · What's in the book
Who these sources are
Most of the links point at a handful of bodies that publish the primary data: the ones that set the disinfection concentrations, test the process times, and write the safety sheets. The count beside each is how many lines on this page cite it.
Government and public health
CDC81
USDA53
NIOSH43
NPIC, Oregon State University34
FDA28
MedlinePlus (NLM)28
Poison Control26
EPA22
CDC / ATSDR18
MSF Medical Guidelines14
WHO12
New Jersey Department of Health12
New Mexico State University Extension11
NIH Office of Dietary Supplements9
Utah State University Extension9
NCHFP9
Oregon State University Extension8
Tioga County Public Health7
Colorado State University Extension6
Michigan State University Extension6
Massachusetts Department of Fire Services5
Iowa State University Extension5
Kansas State University Cooperative Extension4
Mississippi State University Extension4
Arizona State University3
Ohio State University Extension3
Penn State Extension3
NIH2
Kansas State University2
Michigan State College Extension2
Kansas State University Animal Science2
Montana State University Extension2
and 6 more cited once each
Reference and industry
American Family Physician12
Arm & Hammer8
Mayo Clinic7
NOAA CAMEO Chemicals7
Cochrane6
Dr. Bronner's6
DailyMed6
AACT / EAPCCT position statement4
Church & Dwight4
Lab Alley4
Cleveland Clinic4
CPSC4
UC IPM4
American Academy of Dermatology3
Amino Acids (Springer), Jager et al. 20113
TTB3
NHS3
Canadian Conservation Institute3
Washington Poison Center2
Merck Veterinary Manual2
Cosmetic Dermatology2
Missouri Poison Center2
US General Services Administration2
IPCS / INCHEM2
National Park Service2
Jungbunzlauer2
Scripps Health2
Nutrients via PMC2
Cochrane Library2
Foods (MDPI) 20232
Certified Lye2
Cutis2
EverySpec2
British Association of Dermatologists2
eXtension2
UC ANR Master Food Preserver Program2
EXTOXNET2
and 28 more cited once each
Manufacturer safety data sheets
Flinn Scientific SDS11
Teck Metals SDS8
Fleischmann's Vinegar SDS7
Spectrum Chemical SDS6
Arm & Hammer SDS6
Fisher Scientific SDS6
Calgon Carbon SDS5
HTH SDS5
Gusmer Enterprises SDS4
Carmeuse SDS4
Church & Dwight SDS3
Sigma-Aldrich SDS3
Lab Alley SDS2
and 3 more cited once each
University and extension
University of Illinois Extension8
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension5
Ask Extension4
University of Kentucky Entomology3
University of Minnesota Extension3
University of Waikato3
MAAREC, University of Delaware2
University of Georgia Extension2
Texas A&M AgriLife Extension2
University of Delaware Extension2
Alabama Cooperative Extension2
University of Colorado Boulder Chemistry2
Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust2
Arm & Hammer, hosted by University of Waterloo SDS2
and 16 more cited once each
Related pages
Read next
The 33 compoundsevery compound page, with uses, hazards and storage
All formulas and recipesevery recipe, grouped by need
Handling and safetythe rules for storing and using every compound
Never-mix chartthe pairs that must stay apart
Storage, shelf life and inventoryhow long each compound keeps
Questions this answers
Tap a question for the short answer.
Where do the numbers in the prepper's chemical survival guide come from
From primary sources: CDC and EPA disinfection guidance, USDA and NCHFP process times, NIOSH and manufacturer safety data sheets, poison-center and MedlinePlus dosing, WHO and MSF guidelines, and university extension pages. The sources page lists them compound by compound with a link to each.

What I use for this
Gear from my recommended list
Everything I recommend
SpotOnSpotOn GPS Dog Fence, Nova EditionA fence you draw in the app: no wire, no cell signal needed, any shape of land$999About, at spotonfence.com, checked today Buy firstMIRA SafetyMIRA Safety Potassium Iodide Tablets65 mg, scored, 60 count, 10-year shelf life$19.95optionsAbout, at mirasafety.com, checked today Jase MedicalJaseMedic KitThe home medical kit: every supply on my medical page in one case, minus the prescriptions$649.95About, at jase.com, checked today

Buckhorn CliffsThe full field manualEvery member article, all twelve field guide PDFs, and a printable manual of your own.See membership
Keep going
Read nextHandling and Safety: Gear up Before You Open a ContainerThe protective gear for caustic, oxidizing, and dusty compounds, the neutralizers to keep within reach, and what to do the moment an exposure happens.Compounds and Cleaning · Reference
Everything in Compounds and Cleaning Never-mix checker Shelf life table Find a recipe by need Walk-around audit Start here
Membership · $49.95 per year
There is a lot more behind the lock
158member pages in full
125recipes with exact amounts
12field guide PDFs, 291 pages
1manual of your own, built from any page
Every recipe and resource from the Prepper's Chemical Survival Guide, all twelve field guides to read here and download, the full audit and logbook, all twelve reference charts, and no ads.
My Manual · included
Build your own field manual
The most useful thing a membership gives you. Save any page on this site, recipes, charts, and whole field guides included. Arrange them in the order you want, name it, and print one manual with a cover and contents, or keep it as a PDF that opens with no signal.
It works when this site does not
Only your pages
Anyone in the house can use it
One current copy, not a pile of printouts
The house binder
A copy for the bug-out bag or truck
A copy for family
An offline PDF
Join for $49.95 per year
Stay Ready

New entries, updates, and useful instruction.

Stay one step ahead on your preparedness journey.

Compounds and Cleaning · ReferenceLast reviewed 2026-11-03

Sources Behind the Book

Prepper's Chemical Survival Guide

Sources by compound

Activated Charcoal

Ascorbic Acid

Baking Soda

Beeswax

Bentonite Clay

Borax

Boric Acid

Calcium Hydroxide

Who these sources are

Questions this answers

Gear from my recommended list

There is a lot more behind the lock

Build your own field manual

Prepper's Chemical Survival Guide

Sources by compound

Who these sources are

Related pages

Read next

Questions this answers

Gear from my recommended list

There is a lot more behind the lock

Build your own field manual

New entries, updates, and useful instruction.